All Issue

2019 Vol.6, Issue 2

Original Article

Effects of Hydrogeomorphology and Watershed Land Cover on Water Quality in Korean Reservoirs

우리나라 저수지 수질에 미치는 수문지형 및 유역 토지피복의 영향

Hyunsuk Cho1
,
Hyung-Jin Cho2
,
Kang-Hyun Cho3*
조 현석1
,
조 형진2
,
조 강현3*
1Researcher, ECOnGEO, Incheon 22170, Korea
2Director, ECOnGEO, Incheon 22170, Korea
3Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
1수생태공간정보연구소 연구원
2수생태공간정보연구소 소장
3인하대학교 생명과학과 교수
* Corresponding Author
30 June 2019. pp. 79-88
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

In order to study the water quality status and its causal environmental factors, the water quality variables of chemical oxygen demand (COD), chlorophyll a (Chl a), Total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN), the hydrogeomorphologic variables of water level fluctuation, total water storage, dam elevation, watershed area, and shoreline development index, and the land cover variables of forest, agricultural area, and urbanized area in the watershed were investigated in total 73 reservoirs with various operational purposes, water level fluctuation and geographical distribution in South Korea. The water quality was more eutrophic in the reservoirs of the more urbanized and agricultural area in ​​the watershed, the low altitude, the narrow water level fluctuation, the narrowed watershed area, and the more circular shape. In terms of the purposes of reservoir operation, the reservoirs for agricultural irrigation were more eutrophic than the reservoirs for flood control. The results of the variable selection and path analysis showed that COD determined by Chl a and TP was directly affected by water level fluctuation and the shoreline development of the reservoirs. TP was directly affected by the urbanized area of ​​the watershed which was related to the elevation of the reservoir. TP was also influenced by the water level fluctuation and the shoreline development. In conclusion, the eutrophication of the reservoirs in Korea would be influenced by the land use of the watershed, hydrological and geographical characteristics of the reservoir, water level fluctuation by the anthropogenic management according to the reservoir operation purpose, and the location of the reservoirs.

Keywords
Eutrophication
Path analysis
Reservoir operational purpose
Shoreline development index
Water level fluctuation

우리나라 저수지의 수질 특성과 이에 영향을 미치는 환경요인을 파악하기 위하여, 운영목적, 수위변동 및 지리적 분포가 다양한 73개 저수지를 선정하여 수질 요인으로 화학적산소요구량 (COD), 엽록소 a (Chl a), 총인 (TP), 총질소 (TN)를, 수문지형 요인으로 연수위변동폭, 총저수량, 댐의 고도, 유역 면적, 호안발달도 (shoreline development index)를, 토지피복 요인으로서 산림, 농경지 및 도시화지역의 면적비율을 조사하였다. 저수지 수질은 유역의 도시화지역과 농업지역의 면적 비율이 크고, 고도가 낮고 연수위변동폭과 유역면적이 좁으며 총저수량이 적고 원형에 가까운 형태의 저수지에서 더욱 부영양화가 심하였다. 저수지 운영목적에서는 농업용수용 저수지가 홍수조절용 저수지보다 수질이 좋지 않았다. 변수선택과 경로분석의 결과에서, TP에 의한 Chl a에 영향을 받는 COD는 수위변동폭과 호안발달도에 의하여 직접적으로 영향을 받았다. 또한 TP는 유역의 도시화면적에 의하여 직접적으로 영향을 받으며 토지이용은 저수지의 고도와 관련이 있었다. 한편 TP는 수위변동폭과 호안발달도에 영향을 받았다. 결론적으로 우리나라의 저수지 부영양화는 유역의 토지이용, 수문적, 지형적 특성에 의하여 영향을 받으며, 특히 저수지 운영목적에 따른 인위적인 물관리에 의한 수위변동과 저수지의 위치에 의하여 수질 특징이 결정된다고 생각된다.

키워드
부영양화
경로분석
저수지 운영목적
호안발달도
수위변동
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1
Ahn, Y.S., Lee, K.H. and Ahn, K.W. 2012. A study on hydrology and nutrient loading in forest catchment which effect aquatic environment in coastal area - a case study of Mt. Baekah, a deciduous forest in Hwasun county. The Journal of Korean Island 24: 129-138. (in Korean)
2
Cadenasso, M.L. and Pickett, S.T.A. 2000. Linking forest edge structure to edge function: mediation of herbivore damage. Journal of Ecology 88: 31-44.
10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00423.x
3
Cho, H. and Cho, K.H. 2013. Analysis of environmental factors of geomorphology, hydrology, water quality and shoreline soil in reservoirs of Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 46: 343-359. (In Korean)
10.11614/KSL.2013.46.3.343
4
Choi, E.H. and Park, Y.S. 2011. Correlations and regression analysis between reservoir water quality parameters. Korean National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage Journal 18: 25-32. (in Korean)
5
Cunha, D.G.F. and Calijuri, M.D.C. 2011. Limiting factors for phytoplankton growth in subtropical reservoirs: the effect of light and nutrient availability in different longitudinal compartments. Lake and Reservoir Management 27(2): 162-172.
10.1080/07438141.2011.574974
6
Gu, Q., Zhang, Y., Ma, L., Li, J., Wang, K., Zheng, K., Zhang, X. and Sheng, L. 2016. Assessment of reservoir water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of Qiandao Lake, China. Sustainability 8: 243.
10.3390/su8030243
7
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8
Hutchinson, G.E. 1957. A Treatise on Limnology, vol. 1. Geography, Physics and Chemistry. Wiley, New York, USA.
9
Hwang, S.J., Lee, S.W., Son, J.Y., Park, G.A. and Kim, S.J. 2007. Moderating effects of the geometry of reservoirs on the relation between urban land use and water quality. Landscape and Urban Planning 82: 175-183.
10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.007
10
Kim, B.K., Park, J.S., Won, H.J. and Kim, Y.Y. 2018. Long-term performance of secondary dam installed for water purification of reservoir. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society 19: 668-676. (in Korean)
11
Kim, G.-H., Lee, J.H. and An, K.-G. 2012. Spatio-temporal fluctuations with influences of inflowing tributary streams on water quality in Daecheong Reservoir. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 45: 158-173. (in Korean)
12
Kim, H.-S., Choi, E.-M., Park, J.-h., Hwang, H.-S., Kim, B., Kong, D.-S. and Hwang, S.-J. 2008. The relationships between empirical factors and water quality in agricultural reservoirs. Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality 24(3): 333-339.
13
Kõiv, T., Nõges, T. and Laas, A. 2011. Phosphorus retention as a function of external loading, hydraulic turnover time, area and relative depth in 54 lakes and reservoirs. Hydrobiologia 660(1): 105-115.
10.1007/s10750-010-0411-8
14
KRC. 2019. Rural Agricultural Water Resource Information System. Korea Rural Community Corporation, Naju, South Korea. http://rawris.ekr.or.kr/. Accessed 13 March 2019. (in Korean)
15
KRCC. 2017 Statistical Yearbook of Land and Water Development for Agriculture. Korea Rural Community Corporation, Naju, South Korea. (in Korean)
16
Lee, J.-Y., Lee, J.-H., Shin, K.-H., Hwang, S.-J. and An, K.-G. 2007. Trophic state and water quality characteristics of Korean agricultural reservoirs. Korean Journal of Limnology 40: 223-233. (in Korean)
17
López-Moreno, J.I., Zabalza, J., Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Revuelto, J., Gilaberte, M., Azorin-Molina, Morán-TejedabJ, C., García-Ruiza, E.M and Tague, C. 2014. Impact of climate and land use change on water availability and reservoir management: Scenarios in the Upper Aragón River, Spanish Pyrenees. Science of the Total Environment 493: 1222-1231.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.03124090497
18
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19
Molina-Navarro, E., Trolle, D., Martínez-Pérez, S., Sastre- Merlín, A. and Jeppesen, E. 2014. Hydrological and water quality impact assessment of a Mediterranean limno-reservoir under climate change and land use management scenarios. Journal of Hydrology 509: 354- 366.
10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.053
20
Nesshöver, C., Assmuth, T., Irvine, K.N., Rusch, G.M., Waylen, K.A., Delbaere, B., ... and Krauze, K. 2017. The science, policy and practice of nature-based solutions: An interdisciplinary perspective. Science of the Total Environment 579: 1215-1227.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.10627919556
21
NIER. 2019. Water Information System. National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea. http://water.nier.go.kr/. Accessed 14 March 2019. (in Korean)
22
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D., Minchin, P.R., O’Hara, R.B., Simson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H., Szoecs, E. and Wagner, H. 2019. Package ‘vegan’, Community Ecology Package. http://vegan.r-forge.r-project.org. Accessed 10 March 2019.
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24
SK. 2019. Statistical Information Service. Statistics Korea, Sejong, Republic of Korea. Assessed 15 March 2019.
25
Thornton, J., Steel, A. and Rast, W. 1996. Chapter 8. Reservoirs. In, Chapman, D. (ed.), Water Quality Assessments - A Guide to Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring. UNESCO/WHO/ UNEP.
26
Thornton, K.W. 1990. Perspectives on reservoir limnology. In, Thornton, K.W., Kimmel, B.L. and Payne, F.E. (eds.), Reservoir Limnology; Ecological Perspectives. John Wiley & Sons, New, USA. pp. 1-4.
27
Winton, R.S., Calamita, E. and Wehrli, B. 2019. Reviews and syntheses: Dams, water quality and tropical reservoir stratification. Biogeosciences 16(8): 1657-1671.
10.5194/bg-16-1657-2019
28
Ye, L., Cai, Q.H., Liu, R.Q. and Cao, M. 2009. The influence of topography and land use on water quality of Xiangxi River in Three Gorges Reservoir region. Environmental Geology 58(5): 937-942.
10.1007/s00254-008-1573-9
29
Yoon, C.-G., Lee, S.-B., Jung, K.-W. and Han, J.-Y. 2007. Analysis of relationship between water quality parameters in agricultural irrigation reservoirs and land uses of associated watersheds. Korean Journal of Limnology 40: 31-39.
30
Yves, R., Oberski, D., Byrnes, J., Vanbrabant, L., Savalei, V., Merkle, E., Hallquist, M., Rhemtulla, M., Katsikatsou, M., Barendse, M., Chow, M. and Jorgensen, T.D. 2018. Package ‘lavaan’. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package= lavaan. Assessed 10 March 2019.
Information
  • Publisher :Korean Society of Ecology and Infrastructure Engineering
  • Publisher(Ko) :응용생태공학회
  • Journal Title :Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
  • Journal Title(Ko) :응용생태공학회 논문집
  • Volume : 6
  • No :2
  • Pages :79-88
  • Received Date : 2019-03-20
  • Revised Date : 2019-06-03
  • Accepted Date : 2019-06-05
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.17820/eri.2019.6.2.079
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